Genetic traits typically interact {gene interaction}, allowing different optimum conditions or gene combinations. Environments and other-gene effects can suppress gene potentials. Most genes act differently depending on other-gene actions. Gene changes can affect individuals, families, troops, groups, demes, populations, and species. Genes that favor adaptability at more than one level are reinforcing. Genes that favor one level but harm another level are counteracting.
Most traits {polygenetic trait}, such as intelligence and personality, depend on multiple genes. Learning and environment affect polygenetic phenotypes more.
Independent genes can add {polygenic inheritance} effects to make phenotypes, such as skin color and height.
Independent genes can interact to produce phenotypes. Independent dominant genes {complementary genes} can interact to determine phenotype.
Independent genes can interact so one dominant allele is complementary but other dominant allele is not complementary {supplementary genes}, such as in albinism or skin color.
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Date Modified: 2022.0225